AmblesideOnline for Groups Form 2C Booklist

History: 1910-1990, and ancient

Keep a simple timeline. ^[4]

¹ Story of the World, Vol 4: The Modern Age by Susan Wise Bauer (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K) ^[8]
Answering the Cry for Freedom by Gretchen Woelfle ($amzn) (K) ^[9]
² Story of the Greeks by H. A. Guerber β α (£) ($amzn) K
² ³ Augustus Caesar's World by Genevieve Foster (ChrBk) ($amzn) ^[10]

Biography

Trial and Triumph by Richard Hannula ($amzn) (K) ^[12]
¹ ² Never Give In by Stephen Mansfield (about Winston Churchill) (ChrBk) ($amzn)
² ³ Genesis, Finding Our Roots by Ruth Beechick (ChrBk) ($amzn)

Literature

The Age of Fable by Thomas Bulfinch ($amzn) ^[24]
¹ Animal Farm by George Orwell (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K)

² The Iliad by Homer: we suggest a good retelling, such as
The Iliad for Boys and Girls by Alfred Church α (£) (£amzn) (£amzn) ($amzn) (K) Ω
or Black Ships before Troy by Rosemary Sutcliff (ChrBk) ($amzn) ^[26]

³ The Odyssey by Homer: we suggest a good retelling, such as
The Odyssey for Boys and Girls by Alfred Church α ($amzn) (K)
or The Wanderings of Odysseus by Rosemary Sutcliff (ChrBk) ($amzn)

Follow AO's Shakespeare Rotation.

Poetry ^[23]

¹ Robert Frost
² Carl Sandburg
³ The Dream Keeper by Langston Hughes ($amzn) (K) (Langston's poems online) or AO's collection of 63 classic poems.
Purchase AO's Volume 6 poetry collection which includes Frost, Sandburg, and our Year 6 anthology of favorites in paperback or Kindle ($amzn) (K)

Copywork

A curriculum or program for handwriting is not necessary, but if you want to use one, these are some we've used and can suggest:
A Reason for Writing Level A: ($amzn) Level B: ($amzn)
Getty Dubay Italic Handwriting Series

Dictation

Grammar and Composition

Recitation ^[recit]

Term 1
Genesis 12:1-3; Psalm 4:3-5; Psalm 5:11-12; Psalm 9:7-10; Psalm 19:7-10
The Road Not Taken by Robert Frost
Fire and Ice by Robert Frost
A passage from the term's Shakespeare play
Term 2
Acts 2:38; Psa 23:1-6 (The Lord is My Shepherd); Psa 25:8-10; Psa 33:12-19; Psa 36:5-9
Fog by Carl Sandburg
Lost by Carl Sandburg
A passage from the term's Shakespeare play
Term 3
Psalm 46:7-11; Psalm 55:22; Acts 10:34-40; Proverbs 14:34
Dreams by Langston Hughes
I, Too, Sing America by Langston Hughes
A passage from the term's Shakespeare play

Foreign Language

Latin

Geography

The Occident by Richard Halliburton (£) (£amzn) (£amzn) ^[13]

Material World: A Global Family Portrait by Peter Menzel ($amzn) ^[20]
What the World Eats by Faith D'Aluisio and Peter Menzel ($amzn) ^[14]

Ten minutes of map drills each week ^[16]
Locate places from the day's reading on a map

In addition, these geography concepts should be explained and taught this year: ^[18]
Term 1: Animal features (feet, teeth, covering) and their purposes; how we use animals (meat, milk, fur, silk, horns, hooves, labor, pets)
Term 2: Things mined from the earth: minerals and metals such as coal, iron, gold, silver, lead, tin, copper, mercury, salt. Quarried stones: granite, sandstone; limestone (chalk), marble, slate and their uses. Where brick and glass come from; mortar.
Term 3: People around the world live in different dwellings, eat, work, learn and play. Terms: agriculture (farming), stock-raising, mining, lumbering, fishing. Town people: manufacturing, trade/commerce, transportation and other occupations.

Citizenship

Follow AO's rotation of Plutarch's Lives.

Nature Study and Science

The Handbook of Nature Study by Anna Botsford Comstock α (ChrBk) ($amzn) as scheduled in Nature Study.

Supplies for Nature Study:
Nature notebook and pencils or paint for each student
Begin to build a library of regional field guides
Plenty of time to allow Nature Study to be a fun learning experience for all

Great Inventors and Their Inventions by Frank P. Bachman (£) (£amzn) (K)
(or The Story of Inventions Michael J. McHugh and Frank P. Bachman) α (£) (ChrBk) (£amzn) (K) Ω ^[20]

Follow AO's Nature Study Rotation of subjects.

Mathematics

Select a program from our page of Math Options.

Art

Follow AO's Artist rotation; Picture Study helps on YouTube.

Music

Follow AO's Composer Study rotation.

Follow AO's Hymn Rotation.

Follow AO's Folksong Rotation.

Physical Education

One option is Swedish Drill Revisited by Dawn Duran purchase

Additional Books for Free Reading ^[28]

Are Free Reads required reading?

The Hobbit by J. R. R. Tolkien (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K)
Where the Red Fern Grows by Wilson Rawls; 20th century (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K)
¹ The Endless Steppe: Growing Up in Siberia by Esther Hautzig ($amzn) (recommended by AO users!)
¹ The Winged Watchman by Hilda Van Stockum (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K)
¹ Roll of Thunder, Hear My Cry by Mildred D. Taylor (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K); deals with racism in the 1930's
¹ Blue Willow by Doris Gates (ChrBk) ($amzn); dust bowl story - there is another book by this name
¹ Miracles on Maple Hill by Virginia Sorensen (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K); depression era fiction- sweet, upbeat, nature appreciation
¹ Letters from Rifka by Karen Hesse ($amzn) (K); very literary story of a Jewish Immigrant to post WWI America
¹ The Von Trapp Family Singers by Maria Von Trapp (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K)
¹ Snow Treasure by Marie McSwigan (ChrBk) ($amzn); true story of Norwegian children who spirited away gold for the resistance right under the Nazi's eyes
¹ Number the Stars by Lois Lowry (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K); WWII based on a true story of the Danish efforts to save the Jews
¹ The Ark by Margot Benary-Isbert; refugee family attempts survival in post WWII Germany ($amzn) Can also be purchased directly from the publisher.
¹ The Devil's Arithmetic by Jane Yolen (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K); a girl finds herself transported back in time and experiences the Holocaust first-hand.
¹ The Chestry Oak by Kate Seredy ($amzn); The effects of WWII on a young Hungarian prince
³ The Bronze Bow by Elizabeth Speare (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K)
Rob Roy by Sir Walter Scott β α (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K) Ω Vol 1 K Vol 2 K
The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain β α (ChrBk) ($amzn) Ω Λ
Little Men by Louisa May Alcott β α (ChrBk) ($amzn) Ω
Jack and Jill by Louisa May Alcott β α (ChrBk) Ω K (every homeschool family should read this)
The Cricket on the Hearth by Charles Dickens β α ($amzn) Ω K
The Swiss Family Robinson by Johann Wyss β α (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K) Ω
The Call of the Wild by Jack London β α (ChrBk) ($amzn) Ω Ω K Λ
Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne β α (ChrBk) ($amzn) Ω K Λ
A Little Brother to the Bear by William J. Long α ($amzn) (K) K
School of the Woods α by William J. Long (Google Books, ($amzn) (K)
¹ God's Smuggler by Brother Andrew and John Sherrill ($amzn) (K) Ch 2 discusses his wartime experience and may need to be screened for very young or sensitive readers; ch 5 mentions a loose woman at a chocolate factory with some comments that should be screened.
² ³ Ben Hur by Lew Wallace β α ($amzn) K Ω
¹ The Search for Planet X by Tony Simon [out of print; this book has a PNEU connection.]

If you would like some easier, but still excellent, living books, for a Form 2 student to read independently for free reading, consider choosing from this list:

Sarah Plain and Tall series by Patricia MacLachlan
Sarah Plain and Tall ($amzn) (K)
Skylark ($amzn) (K)
Caleb's Story ($amzn) (K)
More Perfect than the Moon ($amzn) (K)
Grandfather's Dance ($amzn) (K)

The Remarkable Journey of Prince Jen by Lloyd Alexander ($amzn)
Twenty and Ten by Claire Huchet Bishop ($amzn)
Rabbit Hill by Robert Lawson ($amzn)
The Twenty-One Balloons by William Pene du Bois($amzn) (K)
My Side of the Mountain by Jean Craighead George ($amzn) (K)

Kate Seredy books, including:
The Good Master (ChrBk) ($amzn)
The White Stag ($amzn)
The Singing Tree (ChrBk) ($amzn)
The Chestry Oak ($amzn)

Mrs. Frisby and the Rats of NIMH by Robert C. O'Brien (ChrBk) ($amzn)
The Rescuers by Margery Sharp ($amzn) (K) (and others in the series)
The Cricket in Times Square by George Selden (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K)
Homer Price by Robert McCloskey (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K)
Centerburg Tales by Robert McCloskey (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K)
The Great Brain by John D. Fitzgerald; particularly interesting to boys; skip (or preview) the last chapter, ch 8, "The Great Brain's Reformation," as it's a light-hearted tale told in a frivolous manner about a boy's attempts to do himself in after his father disparages his disability. ($amzn) (K)

Noel Streatfeild books (appealing to girls in particular)
Ballet Shoes (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K)
Skating Shoes ($amzn) (K)
Dancing Shoes (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K)
Theater Shoes (ChrBk) ($amzn) (K)

Footnotes

2. Note on Audiobooks: While links to audio books are added as a courtesy, Miss Mason's approach to grammar and composition is heavily dependent upon the children receiving an immense amount of visual exposure to the written word over many years, so parents should exercise extreme caution in how many audiobooks they use each year. Our brains just work differently when we see the words. (Cindy Rollins did a Circe Mason Jar podcast that included the role of audiobooks with difficult books.) For children who have difficulty reading, one solution is to have them follow the audio version along in a written text
Librivox free audio is done by volunteers, and some are better than others. Forgotten ClassicsHeidi Nash has a list of some favorite Librivox readers. Be aware that apps, including Librivox, that have clickable ads can open a browser and allow children unfiltered access to the internet, even when browsers have been disabled by the parent. There are options: either download mp3 files from Librivox and listen without the app, or only install the app on a parent-controlled device. Librivox has a pay option to turn off ads. (Back)

4. Timeline: Students who are ready for more timeline work than they have done before, but who are not quite advanced enough to begin a Book of Centuries (recommended for ages 10 and up), may like to begin a slightly more detailed chart, which Laurie Bestvater has named a "Stream of History" (The Living Page, p. 47-50). However, such a chart must still be kept quite simple, with a focus more towards general time periods and centuries rather than single years: "[it should be] conveniently visible as a whole, say within the compass of at most a yard in length" (p. 48). (This chart will continue to be used even after the Book of Centuries has been begun.)

Those who are ready may add the Book of Centuries, a lovely and important notebook which has been described elsewhere. Two Book of Centuries options: ($amzn).

Resources: Read an Advisory member's blog post about early timelines at Wendi Wanders. Instructions for timelines and charts are included in these Parents' Review articles: Book of the Centuries; Teaching Chronology; The Correlation of Lessons. For more details about the why, when, and how of keeping CM timelines (and other notebooks), we strongly recommend reading The Living Page by Laurie Bestvater ($amzn). We have more links on our history page here. (Back)

6. AO's Bible plan can be viewed here. It is a good idea for children to become accustomed to the language and flow of the King James Version of the Bible, as a familiarity with King James English will make other literature more accessible. For more about this, read Lynn Bruce's article on the King James Version.
Optional Bible Resources: Bible Gateway has many versions of the Bible online. Timeline; Study questions with maps. (Back)

8. Story of the World: The historical books that were recommend for AO such as An Island Story, A Child's History of the World, Abraham Lincoln's World, The Story of Mankind were carefully selected based on literary quality and availability for those historical periods and we believe that Susan Wise Bauer's Story of the World Volume 4 is the best book for the twentieth century that meets that same criteria. Pgs 244-474 are used this year. To help with your planning, a table of contents for this book, with loose dates. (Back)

9. Answering the Cry for Freedom: This book is scheduled over three years. Parents, please note that chapter 9, about Sally Hemings, tells about the physical relationship between Thomas Jefferson and his slave, Sally Hemings, that resulted in six children being born. Please pre-read this chapter, depending on the age and maturity of your student. (Back)

10. Augustus Caesar's World: This book contains sections on the birth of world religions presented from a secular humanist point of view. Teachers may wish to cover these sections closely with their students. AO has a KJV side by side comparison for Chapter 44, The Law of Moses. (Back)

12. Trial and Triumph: Descriptions of some trials of the Christians may be intense; preview chapters to determine suitability based on your student's's sensitivities. If you prefer, you can skip this book and cover church history in Form 3 with a different book, Saints and Heroes, by George Hodges.
This book tells church history from a definite Protestant perspective; some may wish to skip this book or find an alternative. (Back)

Recitation: Charlotte Mason's PNEU schools expected children to be able to recite two Bible verses and a poem for their term exams. We have listed suggestions, but students should be allowed to have some input into what is memorized for recitation. Some students will gravitate towards a specific poem, or want to memorize all of a Psalm, and that should be encouraged. There are some possible suggestions for Shakespeare passages on our Shakespeare recitations page. (Back)

13. The Occident: There's a sequel called "The Orient." (£) (£amzn). Both The Occident and The Orient are included in The Complete Book of Marvels (£), which is back in print. There's a list of suggested supplemental videos for volume 1 at Wonder and Wildness blog.
Note that in the sequel, The Orient, ch 8 - The Slave City, Halliburton talks in a humorous vein about the purchase of two children from a slave market. The apparent callousness is shocking and difficult to read. Halliburton's travelling companion at the time says this never happened, and his own travel notes indicate that it did not happen. Instead this was a quick story he told off the cuff to a group of reporters. It's not clear who added it to the book, as his father helped with quite a bit of the editing. It is clear it didn't trouble his editors, publshers, or reviewers at the time. The Orient was published in 1938 and by March of 1939 Halliburton was missing, presumed dead. We do not have any way of knowing if his views and attitudes, and those of his editors, would have changed over time in step with the rest of the west.
Chip Deffaa, who retraced Halliburton's adventures in 1973, wrote, "To my surprise and amazement, I discovered his letters had been highly edited (doctored would be a better word) by his father before publication. Lines were changed, deleted, added. Not all of Halliburton's adventures took place as he described them. For example, he wrote that he had bought and sold slaves in Timbuktu, when in reality he had left the city in a rush to escape the flies. The slaves were an afterthought, a story he tried out on reporters at his hotel suite in Paris. They loved it." Read the article here. The Orient is not scheduled in AO for Groups. (Back)

14. Material World/What the World Eats - How to use these books:
Leave them out, preferably near a globe or world map, and browse through them together from time to time.
Leave them out, browse through them and maybe once a month pick a country of special interest. Look it up (briefly) on Wikipedia or in a good Atlas. Read a little bit more about it. Find it on a map or globe.
If a child is interested, he can pursue additional research in his free time and learn more about countries that particularly interest him, but this should be his own delight directed study or hobby.
How not to use these books: as the basis of a unit study or a burdensome checklist of additional tasks to fulfill.
Note: Material World: pg 16 and pg 70 have some National Geographic types of photos that may need screening.
Hungry Planet: What the World Eats by Peter Menzel and Faith D'Aluisio looks similar to What the World Eats; we think it could be used interchangeably. ($amzn) (Back)

16. Geography: SeterraOnline offers Free Map Quiz Games. If you have an iPad or iPhone, TapQuiz is a free map quiz app. (Back)

18. Geography: The Following geography concepts should be explained and taught this year; a book is not necessary as these can be explained informally during walks and outings. AO's complete list of geography topics.
Term 1: Animal features (feet, teeth, covering) and their purposes; how we use animals (meat, milk, fur, silk, horns, hooves, labor, pets)
These topics are covered in these chapters:
Long's Home Geography α (£) (£amzn) 37. The Parts of Animals
Long's Home Geography α 38. The Covering of Animals
Long's Home Geography α 39. Uses of Animals
Term 2: Things mined from the earth: minerals and metals such as coal, iron, gold, silver, lead, tin, copper, mercury, salt. Quarried stones: granite, sandstone; limestone (chalk), marble, slate and their uses. Where brick and glass come from; mortar.
These topics are covered in these chapters:
Long's Home Geography α 41. Things Found in the Earth
Long's Home Geography α 42. More About Things Found in the Earth
Term 3: People around the world live in different dwellings, eat, work, learn and play. Terms: agriculture (farming), stock-raising, mining, lumbering, fishing. Town people: manufacturing, trade/commerce, transportation and other occupations.
These topics are covered in these chapters:
Long's Home Geography α 43. How People Live, and What They Are Doing
Long's Home Geography α 44. More About What People Are Doing
Long's Home Geography α 45. A Review Lesson (Back)

Plutarch: Charlotte Mason recommended Thomas North's "inimitable translation." (Back)

19. Storybook of Science: chapter 57 (Belladonna Berries) tells of a little friend of Emile and Jules who died; this is meant to be a jarring cautionary tale about eating poisonous plants, and may be upsetting to sensitive readers. Chapter 63 suggests that poisonous mushrooms will be rendered safe to eat if they are boiled in salt water; this may be true for some mushrooms, but different species have different toxins, and not all are safe if they are boiled in salt water. Even "Uncle Paul" admits that using this as a general rule "would be going too far, much too far." (Back)

20. 'The Story of Inventions' is online, except for the last 2 chapters, which were a later addition and still copyrighted. The online edition does not have the two later chapters. If you have the second edition, the chapter order may not match the AO schedule. AO member Amy H. posted a revised list on her blog. Great Inventors and Their Inventions, by Frank P. Bachman (£) (£amzn) is an earlier version of the same book. If you have a copy, you can substitute. Or, boys might enjoy War Inventions, by Charles R. Gibson (the Advisory hasn't read this yet.) All About Famous Inventors and Their Inventions α, by Fletcher Pratt is similar; The Story of Great Inventions, by Elmer Ellsworth Burns α might be another option. Chatper 10: Watch 6 min video on Medieval Manuscripts (Back)

21. Exploring Creation with Human Anatomy is used over two years of Form II -- the first six lessons are scheduled in IIB, and the eight remaining lessons are scheduled in IIC. We suggest your students read and narrate rather than do the discussion questions at the end of the chapters, and be selective about Projects and "Try This!" activities, choosing only those that illustrate the concept being learned. We hope to compile a list of which projects and activities we think should be done. The Notebooking Journal that goes with this book is not necessary, although projects and activities done from the textbook would be appropriate for your student's regular Nature Journal. (Back)

The Child's Book of Nature, Book II, Animals, by W. Hooker, or Christian Liberty Nature Reader, Book 5, by W. Hooker, ed. by Michael J. McHugh (£) (£amzn) ($amzn) was previously used in Year IIB and IIC; if you prefer to use it this year in place of Fulbright's Anatomy, here is how it was scheduled across IIC:

Term 1
Wk 1 ch 17 More About the Muscles, first half [in 2002 edition: 5 More About Muscles]
Wk 2 none
Wk 3 ch 17 More About the Muscles, second half [in 2002 edition: 5 More About Muscles]
Wk 4 none
Wk 5 ch 18 The Brain and Nerves in Animals, first half [in 2002 edition: 5 The Hand]
Wk 6 ch 18 The Brain and Nerves in Animals, second half [in 2002 edition: 5 The Hand]
Wk 7 ch 19 The Variety of Machinery in Animals, first half [in 2002 edition: 6 In Place of Hands]
Wk 8 ch 19 The Variety of Machinery in Animals, second half [in 2002 edition: 6 In Place of Hands]
Wk 9 ch 20 The Hand, first half [in 2002 edition: skip this week]
Wk 10 ch 20 The Hand, second half [in 2002 edition: skip this week]
Wk 11 ch 21 What Animals Use for Hands, first half [in 2002 edition: 6 Variety in Animals]
Wk 12 ch 21 What Animals Use for Hands, second half [in 2002 edition: 6 Variety in Animals]
Term 2
Wk 13 ch 22 The Tools of Animals, first half [in 2002 edition: 6 Animal Tools]
Wk 14 ch 22 The Tools of Animals, second half [in 2002 edition: 6 Animal Tools]
Wk 15 ch 23 More about the Tools of Animals, first half [in 2002 edition: 6 More Animal Tools]
Wk 16 ch 23 More about the Tools of Animals, second half [in 2002 edition: 6 More Animal Tools]
Wk 17 ch 24 Instruments of Defense and Attack, first half [in 2002 edition: 6 Tools for Defense and Attack]
Wk 18 ch 24 Instruments of Defense and Attack, second half [in 2002 edition: 6 Tools for Defense and Attack]
Wk 19 ch 25 Wings, first half [in 2002 edition: 6 Wings]
Wk 20 ch 25 Wings, second half [in 2002 edition: 6 Wings]
Wk 21 ch 26 Coverings of Animals, first half [in 2002 edition: 6 Coverings for the Body]
Wk 22 ch 26 Coverings of Animals, second half [in 2002 edition: 6 Coverings for the Body]
Wk 23 ch 27 The Beautiful Coverings of Animals, first half [in 2002 edition: 6 Beautiful Animal Coverings]
Wk 24 ch 27 The Beautiful Coverings of Animals, second half [in 2002 edition: 6 Beautiful Animal Coverings]
Term 3
Wk 25 ch 28 How Man is Superior to the Animals, first half [in 2002 edition: 6 A Time for Sleep]
Wk 26 ch 28 How Man is Superior to the Animals, second half [in 2002 edition: 6 A Time for Sleep]
Wk 27 ch 29 The Thinking of Animals, first half [in 2002 edition: 7 The Superiority of Man]
Wk 28 ch 29 The Thinking of Animals, second half [in 2002 edition: 7 The Superiority of Man]
Wk 29 ch 30 More About The Thinking of Animals, first half [in 2002 edition: skip this week]
Wk 30 ch 30 More About The Thinking of Animals, second half [in 2002 edition: skip this week]
Wk 31 ch 31 What Sleep is For, first half [in 2002 edition: skip this week]
Wk 32 ch 31 What Sleep is For, second half [in 2002 edition: skip this week]
Wk 33 ch 32 Hygeine, first half [in 2002 edition: 7 Hygiene and Diet]
Wk 34 ch 32 Hygeine, second half [in 2002 edition: 7 Hygiene and Diet]
Wk 35 none
Wk 36 none

23. Poetry: How do you "do" poetry? Simply read it and enjoy it, re-read it, read it again and listen to the sound of the phrases, let them paint a word picture in your mind. Do you feel like you need more direction? How to Read a Poem: Based on the Billy Collins Poem "Introduction to Poetry" by Tania Runyan is "less as an instructional book and more of an invitation." This is a suggested optional parent resource that encourages you read poetry for enjoyment. (Back)

24. Age of Fable: The online and amazon links above are for Anne White's Asgard to Athens, which includes study guide and corresponding text for Keary's The Heroes of Asgard and Bulfinch's The Age of Fable in one volume for use in all three years of Form II. ($amzn)
If you prefer to use the original book without the study guide, Age of Fable is available at the following links; some editions of Age of Fable use illustrations of nudes, which some might find objectionable. The Age of Fable by Thomas Bulfinch β α α ($amzn) (K) (ChrBk) Ω K Ω
If you prefer to use the old 3-year schedule for Age of Fable, you can find it here. (Back)

26. The Iliad: two other options are Tales of Troy by Andrew Lang β α ($amzn) K (the sections titled Ulysses the Sacker of Cities and The Wanderings of Ulysses are retelling The Iliad and The Odyssey) or The Iliad of Homer, by Barbara Leonie Picard ($amzn)
We have scheduled some of the worthy re-tellings of The Iliad, but if you prefer the original, we suggest the translation by Robert Fagles ($amzn) (K) The Iliad is 24 "books;" to use this in Term 3, you will need to schedule two "books" per week. (Back)

28. Free Reading books are books that no child should miss, but rather than overloading school time, these can be read during free time. No narrations need be required from these books. Advisory member Wendi C. suggests, "How you handle these is up to you . . ." (more) Students should understand that historical fiction, while often well-researched, is still fiction, and contains the author's ideas of how things might have happened. Books with asterisks pertain to that term's historical studies. (Back)

Last updated March 31, 2023 (to update Bible)